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In the last post, I have shared about a debate: Does smoking cause lung cancer? A case on causation v.s. correlation Today, I would like to show the proof on Corenfield’s Inequality, an inequality that settled the debate. I have read the original proof on the paper. Although

The debate was neither tobacco nor cancer. It was the word “cause”. Many people smoke their whole lives and never get lung cancer. Some get it without lighting up a single cigarette. Previously when we discussed RCT, we know that it is an excellent way to establish a causal relationship.

To better understand this article, you need to first read these two articles: Causal Diagram and Bayesian Network (Part 2) How Randomized Controlled Trial Deconfounds the Confounding Bias A confounder is like some backdoor paths from X to Y. To eliminate the confounder, you just need to block those backdoor

Before talking about how confounding should be defined, let’s talked about how it was defined before. Some declarative defintions A confounder is any variable that is correlated with both X and Y. A confounder X and Y is a variable Z that is (1) associated with X in the

What is confunding bias? Imagine you are a farmer trying to determine applying fertilizer A to the field will increase the yield of crops. In other words, you are trying to establish a causal relationship between fertilizer A and yield. Our tricky Nature tells you that the effect of the